
Checking understanding
Managing interaction (interrupting, changing topic, resuming or continuing)
Taking the initiative in interaction
Control and delegation at start
Keeping interaction participants on topic
Taking initiative in non-control situation
Encouraging and inviting another speaker to continue / come in.
Invitation in one-to-one interaction
Invitation in group interaction
Interacting informally, reacting, expressing interest, sympathy, surprise
Linkers: sequential – past time
Connecting words expressing cause and effect, contrast etc.
Linkers: although, in spite of, despite
Discourse markers to structure formal speech